Բրոնզե մանրակերտ:
Ք.Ա. 2700-2000 թթ., Հայկական Բարձրավանդակ:
Մետրոպոլիտեն թանգարան, Նյու Յորք:
Wagon drawn by bulls...
2700-2000 BC, Armenian Highlands.
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New  York.

 Lchashen on the borders of Lake Sevan: dozen almost complete four-wheeled and two wheeled wagons, as well as two wheeled chariots with spoked wheels were uncovered.

Chinese ceramic sculpture of an Armenian wine merchant with leopard hide wineskin. Tang dynasty 8th century A.D.

abraams origin | աբրամի ծագումը

https://bible.armeniancathedral.org/book/tDeut_26.htm?show=rsyn^#5

Gen:26:5: եւ պատասխանի տուեալ ասասցես առաջի Տեառն Աստուծոյ քո. [368]ԶԱսորիս եթող`` հայր իմ եւ էջ յԵգիպտոս, եւ պանդխտեցաւ անդ սակաւ ինչ թուով, եւ եղեւ անդ յազգ մեծ, եւ բազմացաւ անդ յոյժ յոյժ:
Gen:26:5 Պատասխան տալով՝ կ’ասես քո Տէր Աստծու առջեւ. “Իմ հայրը թողեց Ասորեստանն ու իջաւ Եգիպտոս, այնտեղ պանդուխտ մնաց սակաւաթիւ մարդկանցով, բայց այնտեղ մեծ ազգ դարձաւ, խիստ բազմացաւ:
Gen:26:5: And thou shalt speak and say before the LORD thy God, A Syrian ready to perish [was] my father, and he went down into Egypt, and sojourned there with a few, and became there a nation, great, mighty, and populous:
Gen:26:5: Ты же отвечай и скажи пред Господом Богом твоим: отец мой был странствующий Арамеянин, и пошел в Египет и поселился там с немногими людьми, и произошел там от него народ великий, сильный и многочисленный;

միայն ռուս-սինոդալում է պահպանվել իրական «Արամեացի» անունը

նաև

Gen-11:28: Եւ մեռաւ Առան առաջի Թարայի հօր իւրոյ, յերկրին յորում ծնաւ, [179]յաշխարհին Քաղդեացւոց:
Gen-28: Առանը մեռաւ իր հայր Թարայի կենդանութեան օրօք, իր ծննդավայրում՝ Քաղդէացւոց երկրում:
Gen-11:28And Haran died before his father Terah in the land of his nativity, in Ur of the Chaldees:
Gen-28: И умер Аран при Фарре, отце своем, в земле рождения своего, в Уре Халдейском.

abraam pimps sarah | աբրաամը ՝ կավատ

Gen:12:10
Եւ եղեւ սով յերկրին, եւ էջ Աբրամ յԵգիպտոս բնակել անդ պանդխտութեամբ, զի զօրացաւ սով յերկրին:
And there was a famine in the land: and Abram went down into Egypt to sojourn there; for the famine [was] grievous in the land:
Gen:12:11
Եւ եղեւ իբրեւ մերձեցաւ Աբրամ մտանել յԵգիպտոս, եւ ասէ ցՍարա ցկին իւր. Գիտեմ զի կին գեղեցիկ ես դու:
And it came to pass, when he was come near to enter into Egypt, that he said unto Sarai his wife, Behold now, I know that thou [art] a fair woman to look upon:
Gen:12:Gen:12
Արդ եղիցի եթէ տեսանիցեն Եգիպտացիքն, եւ ասիցեն թէ Կին նորա է սա. եւ սպանանիցեն զիս, եւ զքեզ ապրեցուցանիցեն:
Therefore it shall come to pass, when the Egyptians shall see thee, that they shall say, This [is] his wife: and they will kill me, but they will save thee alive:
Gen:12:13
Ասասցես թէ Քոյր նորա եմ. զի բարի լիցի ինձ վասն քո, եւ կեցցէ անձն իմ յաղագս քո:
Say, I pray thee, thou [art] my sister: that it may be well with me for thy sake; and my soul shall live because of thee:
Gen:12:14
Եւ եղեւ իբրեւ եմուտ Աբրամ յԵգիպտոս, եւ տեսեալ Եգիպտացւոցն զկինն զի գեղեցիկ էր յոյժ:
And it came to pass, that, when Abram was come into Egypt, the Egyptians beheld the woman that she [was] very fair:
Gen:12:15
Տեսին զնա եւ իշխանքն փարաւոնի, եւ գովեցին զնա առաջի փարաւոնի, եւ տարան զնա ի տուն փարաւոնի:
The princes also of Pharaoh saw her, and commended her before Pharaoh: and the woman was taken into Pharaoh' s house:
Gen:12:16
Եւ Աբրամու բարիս առնէին վասն նորա. եւ եղեն նորա խաշինք, անդեայք եւ էշք, ծառայք եւ աղախնայք, ջորիք եւ ուղտք:
And he entreated Abram well for her sake: and he had sheep, and oxen, and he asses, and menservants, and maidservants, and she asses, and camels:
Gen:12:17
Եւ պատժեաց Աստուած զփարաւոն պատժօք մեծամեծօք [188]եւ չարօք`` եւ զտուն նորա վասն Սարայի կնոջն Աբրամու:
And the LORD plagued Pharaoh and his house with great plagues because of Sarai Abram' s wife:
Gen:12:18
Կոչեաց փարաւոն զԱբրամ, եւ ասէ ցնա. Զի՞նչ գործեցեր զայդ ընդ իս, զի ոչ պատմեցեր եթէ կին քո է:
And Pharaoh called Abram, and said, What [is] this [that] thou hast done unto me? why didst thou not tell me that she [was] thy wife:
Gen:12:19
Ընդէ՞ր ասացեր թէ Քոյր իմ է, եւ [189]առի զդա ինձ կնութեան. եւ արդ աւանիկ կին քո առաջի քո. առ եւ գնա ի բաց:
Why saidst thou, She [is] my sister? so I might have taken her to me to wife: now therefore behold thy wife, take [her], and go thy way:
Gen:12:20
Եւ պատուէր ետ արանց վասն Աբրամու յուղարկել զնա եւ զկին նորա եւ զամենայն որ ինչ էր նորա, [190]եւ զՂովտ ընդ նմա:
And Pharaoh commanded [his] men concerning him: and they sent him away, and his wife, and all that he had:ent.

Persian dynasties

  • Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BCE):

    • Cyrus the Great (559–530 BCE): Founder of the Achaemenid Empire.

    • Cambyses II (530–522 BCE): Son of Cyrus the Great.

    • Darius I (522–486 BCE): Expanded the empire and built Persepolis.

    • Xerxes I (486–465 BCE): Known for the invasion of Greece.

    • Artaxerxes I (465–424 BCE): Consolidated the empire.

    • Darius II (423–404 BCE): Faced internal and external challenges.

    • Artaxerxes II (404–358 BCE): Focused on maintaining internal stability.

  • Seleucid Empire (312–63 BCE):

    • Founded by Seleucus I after the death of Alexander the Great.

    • The Seleucid Empire ruled Persia until its decline.

  • Arsacid Parthian Empire (247 BCE–224 CE):

    • Arsaces I (247–211 BCE): Founder of the Parthian Empire.

    • The Arsacid dynasty ruled until the Sassanian rise.

  • Sassanian Empire (224–651 CE):

    • Ardashir I (224–242 CE): Founder of the Sassanian Empire.

    • Shapur I (240–270 CE): Expanded the empire.

    • Bahram I (273–276 CE): Faced Roman conflicts.

    • Shapur II (309–379 CE): Longest-reigning Sassanian ruler.

    • Khosrow I (531–579 CE): Known for legal reforms and the construction of the city of Ctesiphon.

    • Khosrow II (590–628 CE): Faced the Byzantine Empire, leading to the downfall of the Sassanian Empire.

 

Achaemenid rulers
 
Cyrus Ilate 7th century BCEKing of the city of Anshan in Persia[8]
Cambyses Iearly 6th century–559 BCEVassal of Astyages, king of the Medes (r. 584-550), and married to his daughter Mandane.[9]
Cyrus II559–530 BCEConquered the Mede empire c. 550, thus founding the Persian Empire;[10] conquered Lydia in 545, which already controlled several Hellenic cities on the Anatolian coast; soon extended his control to include them; released the Hebrews enslaved by the Babylonians in 538.
Cambyses II530–522 BCEFocused his efforts on conquering Egypt, Libya, and Ethiopia.[11]
Bardiya (or Smerdis or Tanyoxarces)522 BCEThere is some confusion about this person. He was either Cambyses II's brother or an imposter - a Mede priest (Magus) pretending to be the brother.[12]
Darius I ("the Great")522–486 BCECousin and brother-in-law of Cambyses II; succeeded to the throne as the result of a coup that ousted Bardiya;[13] continued the expansion of the Persian Empire into western Anatolia and Thrace; made war on the Scythians;[14] invaded mainland Hellas in 490 to punish Athens for helping the Ionian city-states revolt in 499.  This effort ended with the Athenian victory at the battle of Marathon.[15]
Xerxes I486–465 BCEQuelled a revolt in Egypt,[16] then invaded Hellas in 480 to finish what his father had started; ravaged Athens after the populace had abandoned the city, but lost sea and land battles at Salamis, Plataea, and Mycale and was forced to withdraw from both the Greek mainland and Anatolian Hellas.[17]  He probably signed a peace treaty with Athens in 469 after the Battle of Eurymedon (Peace of Callias).[18]
Artaxerxes I465–424 BCECame to the throne after a series of palace murders;[19] defeated an Athenian force in 454 that was aiding an Egyptian revolt (which began in 460);[20] granted asylum to Themistocles;[21] signed a second peace with Athens in 449 after losing a naval battle to Cimon’s fleet off Cyprus.[22]
Xerxes II424 BCEFirst in line for the throne; murdered after 45 days by Sogdianus.[23]
Sogdianus (Secydianus)424–423 BCEBastard son of Artaxerxes I; murdered Xerxes II; murdered in turn by his half brother Ochus seven months later.[24]
Darius II ("Ochus")423–404 BCEEntered into an alliance with Sparta after Athens’ losses during the Sicily campaign in 412.[25]
Artaxerxes II404–358 BCEWas the target of Cyrus the Younger’s “anabasis” – his ill-fated march “up country” to usurp the throne from his brother;[26] supported Athens in the Corinthian War (supplying Conan with a fleet of ships),[27] then switched sides to support Sparta; was eventually able to dictate terms to both sides, imposing the “King’s Peace” in 387, which permanently ceded all the Anatolia cities to Persia.[28] Had to put down repeated revolts in Egypt, during which he hired out-of-work Athenian strategoi.[29] Endured a series of satrap revolts in the later years of his reign.[30]
Artaxerxes III ("Ochus")358–338 BCEAlso came to the throne as a result of a series of palace murders;[31] revolt of Artabazus in Phrygia;[32] additional revolts in Egypt, Phoenicia and Cyprus;[33] gave modest help to the Greeks’ attempt to rein in Philip II’s increasing power in Macedon (siege of Perinthus in 340).[34]
Artaxerxes IV ("Arses")338–336 BCEPlaced on the throne as an adolescent by Bagoas, advisor to the King, after Bagoas had poisoned Artaxerxes III; poisoned by Bagoas when he threatened to punish him for his crimes.[35]
Darius III336–330 BCEPlaced on the throne by Bagoas; poisoned Bagoas when he learned of a plot to kill him.[36] Spent most of his reign fighting Alexandros III of Macedon; captured and killed by the Bactrian satrap Bessos after Alexandros' conquest was complete.[37]
Artaxerxes V ("Bessus")330–329 BCESatrap of Bactria; assumed title of "King" after death of Darius III; tried to resist Alexander, but was betrayed by his generals and killed by Darius' brother, Oxathres.[38]
Achaemenid Empire 550–330 BC -- esther

Founded    705 BCE
The first banquet took place in the third year of his reign, 483 BC (Est 1:3).

Esther became queen in the seventh year of his reign, 478 BC (Est 2:16).

Haman hatched his plot to destroy the Jews in the 12th year of Ahasuerus. Because this happened in the first month of the year, it was likely less than five full years after Esther had become queen, probably early in 474 BC (Est 3:7).

Esther 3:1 After these events King Ahasuerus promoted Haman, the son of Hammedatha the Agagite, and advanced him and established his authority over all the princes who were with him. 2All the king’s servants who were at the king’s gate bowed down and paid homage to Haman; for so the king had commanded concerning him. But Mordecai neither bowed down nor paid homage. 3Then the king’s servants who were at the king’s gate said to Mordecai, “Why are you transgressing the king’s command?” 4Now it was when they had spoken daily to him and he would not listen to them, that they told Haman to see whether Mordecai’s reason would stand; for he had told them that he was a Jew. 5When Haman saw that Mordecai neither bowed down nor paid homage to him, Haman was filled with rage. 6But he disdained to lay hands on Mordecai alone, for they had told him who the people of Mordecai were; therefore Haman sought to destroy all the Jews, the people of Mordecai, who were throughout the whole kingdom of Ahasuerus.

<The loyal Mordecai then becomes prime minister in Haman's place, and the king issues a new edict authorizing the Jews to take revenge on their enemies. In a final act of fate, the dead bodies of Haman's ten sons are also hanged after they die in battle against the Jews, ending his evil lineage forever.>

esther:2:5 Now in Shushan the palace there was a certain Jew, whose name was Mordecai, the son of Jair, the son of Shimei, the son of Kish, a Benjamite; 2:6 Who had been carried away from Jerusalem with the captivity which had been carried away with Jeconiah king of Judah, whom Nebuchadnezzar the king of Babylon had carried away.
esther:2:7 And he brought up Hadassah, that is, Esther, his uncle's daughter: for she had neither father nor mother, and the maid was fair and beautiful; whom Mordecai, when her father and mother were dead, took for his own daughter.
9:6 And in Shushan the palace the Jews slew and destroyed five hundred men.

biblical crimes

Esther first appears in the story as one of the young virgins collected into the king’s harem as possible replacements for Vashti, the banished wife of King Ahasuerus (Xerxes I, reigned 485—465 B.C.E.). 

abraam pimps his wife: Genesis 12:1-9

Hagar and Ishmael Sent Away Genesis 21:8-21 

isaac pimps his wife: Genesis 26:6-10
Genesis 26:10 Abimelech said, “What is this you have done to us? One of the people might easily have lain with your wife, and you would have brought guilt upon us.”

jacobs ofspring: Genesis 29—30, 35.

son #5) Dan was born to Jacob by Bilhah, his wife Rachel’s handmaid
son #7) Gad was number seven. He was the child of Jacob and Zilpah, the handmaid of Leah

stew for your rights as the firstborn. Genesis 25:31-34 

Jacob deceives Laban Genesis 30 and 31,
Then he placed the peeled branches in all the watering troughs, so that they would be directly in front of the flocks Genesis 30:38–39

Genesis 33:18, “Now Jacob came safely to the city of Shechem, which is in the land of Canaan, when he came from Paddan-aram, and camped before the city.”
Genesis 34:25: Mass Murder of circumcised people after the wedding by jews: 

Reuben went and lay with Bilhah his father’s concubine 
Genesis 35:22 where it says, “While they lived in the land, Reuben went and lay with Bilhah his father’s concubine (i.e. Leah’s servant girl). But the verse adds, “And Israel (meaning Jacob) heard of it.”

Exodus 2:11-12 Moses kills an Egyptian: 

Exodus 7:8-13 ISV - Moses' Staff Becomes a Snake - Then

10 Plagues of Egypt: Ելք / Exodus (tEx) 4-40

  1. Water into Blood: The Nile River and all water sources in Egypt turned into blood, making the water undrinkable and causing the death of fish.
  2. Frogs: Frogs swarmed the land, invading homes and disrupting daily life.
  3. Gnats or Lice: A plague of gnats or lice infested both people and animals.
  4. Flies or Wild Animals: Swarms of flies or wild animals (some translations suggest "swarms of beetles") plagued the land.
  5. Livestock Disease: All the livestock in Egypt—horses, donkeys, camels, cattle, and sheep—suffered from a deadly disease.
  6. Boils: Painful boils or sores broke out on humans and animals.
  7. Hail: A severe hailstorm, mixed with fire, struck Egypt, damaging crops and killing people and animals caught in the open.
  8. Locusts: Swarms of locusts invaded the land, devouring all the remaining crops.
  9. Darkness: A thick darkness covered Egypt for three days, making it impossible to see or move.
  10. Death of the Firstborn: The final and most devastating plague, where the firstborn sons of all Egyptians, including Pharaoh's son, died. However, the Israelites were spared if they had followed God's instructions to mark their doorposts with the blood of a lamb.

Moses' Mass Murder
"Behold, these caused the children of Israel, through the counsel of Balaam, to commit trespass against the LORD in the matter of Peor, and there was a plague among the congregation of the LORD. Now therefore kill every male among the little ones, and kill every woman that hath known man by lying with him. But all the women children, that have not known a man by lying with him, keep alive for yourselves." (Numbers 31:16-18)'

Genocide of the Canaanites
Deuteronomy 20:16-18, God commands the indiscriminate slaughter of all Canaanites when he calls for the city to be sieged, Casus belli being 'it was part of the chosen land for god', I quote" You shall save alive nothing that breathes". If anyone is wondering what that falls under, we can just go the the treatment of the Amaleks, where god so righteously commanded to "not spare them, but kill both man and woman, child and infant, ox and sheep, camel and donkey.’ 

The Jericho Massacre
Joshua 6:20-21 -- The people raised the war cry, the trumpets sounded. When the people heard the sound of the trumpet, they raised a mighty war cry and the wall collapsed then and there. At once the people stormed the city, each man going straight forward; and the captured the city. They enforced the curse of destruction on everyone in the city; men and women, young and old, including the oxen, the sheep, and the donkeys, slaughtering them all.

King David's Holocaust
"And he brought forth the people that were therein, and put them under saws, and under harrows of iron, and under the axes of iron, and made them pass through the brickkiln: and thus did he unto all the cities of the children of Ammon. So David and all the people returned unto Jerusalem." (II Samuel 12:31)

1 Samuel 15: God commands King Saul to destroy the Amalekites, including men, women, children, and animals.
1 Samuel 23:5, 12
So David and his men went to Keilah and fought with the Philistines; and he led away their livestock and struck them with a great slaughter. Thus David ..
Numbers 25:3-4 And Israel joined himself unto Baalpeor: and the anger of the LORD was kindled against Israel. And the LORD said unto Moses, 'Take all the heads of the people and hang them up before the LORD against the sun, that the fierce anger of the LORD may be turned away from Israel.'"tent.

Raping And Killing
"Every one that is found shall be thrust through; and every one that is joined unto them shall fall by the sword. Their children also shall be dashed to pieces before their eyes; their houses shall be spoiled, and their wives ravished." (Isaiah 13:15-16)

Slay Old And Young
"And to the others he said in mine hearing, Go ye after him through the city, and smite: let not your eye spare, neither have ye pity: Slay utterly old and young, both maids, and little children, and woman: but come not near any man upon whom is the mark; and begin at my sanctuary. Then they began at the ancient men which were before the house." (Ezekiel 9:5-6)

Utter Destruction, 1
"And they utterly destroyed all that was in the city, both man and woman, young and old, and ox, and sheep, and ass, with the edge of the sword." (Joshua 6:21)

Utter Destruction, 2
"Ye shall utterly destroy all the places, wherein the nations which ye shall possess served their gods, upon the high mountains, and upon the hills, and under every green tree: And ye shall overthrow their altars, and break their pillars, and burn their groves with fire; and ye shall hew down the graven images of their gods, and destroy the names of them out of that place." (Deuteronomy 12:2-3)

Washing Feet In Blood
"The righteous shall rejoice when he sees the vengeance. He shall wash his feet in the blood of the wicked." (Psalms 58:10)

Alexander III of Macedon 

Alexander III of Macedon 
(Ancient Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος, romanized: Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC)
LXX Septuagint -- The scholars worked in Alexandria during the reign of Ptolemy II Philadelphus (285-247 B.C.), 
House of Sasan, it endured for over four centuries, from 224 to 651 AD
The Massacre At Shechem (Genesis 34)

(Ancient Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος, romanized: Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC)

By 476, the position of Western Roman Emperor wielded negligible military, political, or financial power, and had no effective control over the scattered Western domains that could still be described as Roman. Barbarian kingdoms had established their own power in much of the area of the Western Empire. In 476, the Germanic barbarian king Odoacer deposed the last emperor of the Western Roman Empire in Italy, Romulus Augustulus, and the Senate sent the imperial insignia to the Eastern Roman Emperor Zeno.
While its legitimacy lasted for centuries longer and its cultural influence remains today, the Western Empire never had the strength to rise again. The Eastern Roman, or Byzantine Empire, survived and remained for centuries an effective power of the Eastern Mediterranean, although it lessened in strength. Additionally, while the loss of political unity and military control is universally acknowledged, the fall of Rome is not the only unifying concept for these events; the period described as late antiquity emphasizes the cultural continuities throughout and beyond the political collapse. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire

It was only when Darius I acquired the Persian throne and ruled it as a representative of the Zoroastrian religion that the old tradition was broken and the claim of Babylon to confer legitimacy on the rulers of western Asia ceased to be acknowledged.[citation needed] Immediately after Darius seized Persia, Babylonia briefly recovered its independence under a native ruler, Nidinta-Bel, who took the name of Nebuchadnezzar III. He purportedly reigned from October to December 521 BCE, when the Persians took it by storm, while during this period, Assyria to the north also rebelled.[16] A year later, in 521 BCE, Babylon again revolted and declared independence under the Armenian King Arakha, who took the name Nebuchadnezzar IV; on this occasion, after its capture by the Persians, the walls were partly destroyed.[17] Esagila, the great temple of Bel, however, still continued to be maintained and was a center of Babylonian

Macedonian-Seleucid empire

Born (356 BC): Alexander was born in Pella, the ancient capital of Macedonia, in 356 BC.

Tutored by Aristotle: He was tutored by the philosopher Aristotle.

Ascension to the Throne (336 BC): Alexander became the king of Macedon after the assassination of his father, King Philip II, in 336 BC.

Conquests: Alexander's most significant achievements were his conquests, which included the Persian Empire, Egypt, and parts of India.

Battle of Gaugamela (331 BC): A decisive battle where Alexander defeated the Persian king Darius III, leading to the fall of the Achaemenid Empire.

Siege of Tyre (332 BC): Alexander's successful siege of the island city of Tyre.

Founding of Alexandria: Alexander founded numerous cities, with the most famous being Alexandria in Egypt.

Death (323 BC): Alexander the Great died in Babylon in 323 BC under mysterious circumstances. His empire was eventually divided among his generals, marking the beginning of the Hellenistic period.

After the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC, his vast empire faced a period of instability and division among his generals. The era that followed is known as the Hellenistic period, characterized by the spread of Greek culture and influence. Here are some key events and developments in the years following Alexander's death until the dissolution of his empire:

Diadochi Wars (322–301 BC): The Diadochi, or Alexander's Successors, engaged in a series of conflicts known as the Diadochi Wars to establish their dominance and control over different regions of the empire.

Battle of Ipsus (301 BC): A major battle where the Diadochi fought for control. The outcome led to the division of Alexander's empire into several Hellenistic kingdoms, including the Seleucid Empire, Ptolemaic Kingdom, Antigonid Kingdom, and others.

Seleucid Empire: The Seleucid Empire, founded by Seleucus I Nicator, became one of the most significant successor states, covering a vast territory in the Middle East.

Ptolemaic Kingdom: The Ptolemaic Kingdom, established in Egypt by Ptolemy I Soter, became another major Hellenistic power.

Hellenistic Culture: During this period, Greek culture, language, and traditions spread across the former Macedonian Empire, influencing art, philosophy, and daily life.

Roman Conquest: Over time, the emerging Roman Republic expanded its influence in the Mediterranean, leading to conflicts with the Hellenistic kingdoms.

Battle of Pydna (168 BC): The Roman victory over the Antigonid Kingdom marked the end of Macedonian independence.

Dissolution of the Seleucid Empire: The Seleucid Empire gradually declined, facing internal strife and external pressures. It eventually succumbed to Roman influence.

Cleopatra and the End of the Ptolemaic Kingdom: The last ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom was Cleopatra VII. After her involvement with Roman leaders Julius Caesar and Mark Antony, the kingdom fell to Rome, marking the end of the Hellenistic period in Egypt.

Rome
  1. 753 BCE: Traditional date for the founding of Rome by Romulus and Remus.
  2. 509 BCE: The establishment of the Roman Republic after the overthrow of the Roman monarchy.
  3. 264-241 BCE: The First Punic War between Rome and Carthage begins.
  4. 218-201 BCE: The Second Punic War, marked by Hannibal's crossing of the Alps and the Battle of Cannae.
  5. 146 BCE: Rome destroys Carthage, marking the end of the Third Punic War.
  6. 60-53 BCE: The First Triumvirate is formed, consisting of Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus.
  7. 49-45 BCE: The Roman Civil War between Julius Caesar and Pompey.
  8. 44 BCE: Julius Caesar is assassinated on the Ides of March.
  9. 31 BCE: Battle of Actium, where Octavian defeats Mark Antony and Cleopatra, leading to the end of the Roman Republic.
  10. 27 BCE: Octavian becomes Augustus, marking the beginning of the Roman Empire.
  11. 4 BCE: Traditional date for the birth of Jesus Christ.
  12. 69 CE: The Year of the Four Emperors, a period of civil war and political instability.
  13. 117-138 CE: The reign of Emperor Hadrian, known for building the Hadrian's Wall in Britain.
  14. 284 CE: Diocletian becomes Roman Emperor and institutes reforms to stabilize the empire.
  15. 313 CE: The Edict of Milan, issued by Constantine the Great, grants religious tolerance to Christians.
  16. 410 CE: Sack of Rome by the Visigoths under King Alaric.
  17. 476 CE: Traditional date for the fall of the Western Roman Empire, marked by the deposition of Romulus Augustulus.
Byzantine
  1. 330 CE: Foundation of Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) by Emperor Constantine, marking the beginning of the Byzantine Empire.
  2. 395 CE: The Roman Empire is officially divided into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) after the death of Emperor Theodosius I.
  3. 527-565 CE: Reign of Emperor Justinian I. Known for his efforts to restore the Roman Empire, including the construction of the Hagia Sophia and the codification of Roman law in the Corpus Juris Civilis.
  4. 610-641 CE: Reign of Emperor Heraclius. He faced challenges from the Sassanian Empire and successfully defended Constantinople against the Avars and Persians.
  5. 717-718 CE: Successful defense of Constantinople against the Arab siege during the reign of Emperor Leo III.
  6. 800 CE: Empress Irene and Pope Leo III reconcile the East and West, but tensions continue.
  7. 843 CE: The Byzantine Empire experiences a period of stability known as the Byzantine Iconoclasm, which is resolved with the restoration of the veneration of icons.
  8. 1054 CE: The Great Schism occurs, leading to the split between the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church.
  9. 1071 CE: Battle of Manzikert, where the Byzantine Empire suffers a significant defeat against the Seljuk Turks, leading to the loss of Anatolia.
  10. 1204 CE: The Fourth Crusade leads to the sacking of Constantinople by Western Christian forces, resulting in the establishment of the Latin Empire.
  11. 1261 CE: The Byzantine Empire recaptures Constantinople under the Palaiologos dynasty.
  12. 1453 CE: Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire.
lusaverich | լուսավերիչ

Ագաթանգեղոս 3-22 Agatangeghos
https://12historians.armeniancathedral.org/book/t02Agat3_22.htm?wid=10351#3
22:1 Նոյնպէս հաւանեցուցանէր զթագաւորն, «զի ի գաւառաց գաւառաց եւ կողմանց կողմանց ի տեղիս տեղիս ժողովեսցեն բազմութիւն մանկտւոյ, առ ի նիւթ վարդապետութեան, զգազանամիտ զվայրենագոյն զճիւաղաբարոյ զաշխարհաբնակսն. զորս առեալ արկանէր ի բովս վարդապետութեան, եւ հոգեւոր սիրոյն եռանդմամբ զաղտն եւ զժանգն զշարաւահոտ դիւացն եւ զսնոտիագործ պաշտամանցն ի բաց քերէր:
22:1 Likewise, Gregory convinced the king that from every district and from every region, a multitude of children should be assembled for the purpose of educating these savage and wild natives with their beast-like mentalities. He took and cast them into the furnace of instruction, and through the heat of spiritual love melted away the disease and rust of the putrid demons and vain cults:

22:2 Եւ այնչափ անջատէր ի հայրենեացն բնակացն իւրեանց՝ մինչեւ ասել նոցա, թէ Մոռացայ զժողովուրդ եւ զտուն հաւր իմոյ:
22:2 He so separated them from their patrimonial residents that one could say about them “I have forgotten the people and the house of my faith:

22:3 Եւ ի տեղեաց տեղեաց սահմանացն Հայոց՝ տայր հրաման թագաւորն Տրդատ՝ իւրոյ իշխանութեանն յաշխարհաց եւ ի գաւառաց բազմութիւն մատաղ մանկտւոյ ածել յարուեստ դպրութեան, եւ կարգել ի վերայ հաւատարիմ վարդապետս. առաւել զազգս պղծագործ քրմացն եւ զմանկունս նոցա ի նոյն ժողովել, գումարել յարժանաւոր տեղիս դասս դասս, եւ դարման ռոճկաց կարգել:
22:3 From every place within the borders of the Armenians, from all the lands and districts of his realm, King Trdat ordered that many young children should be introduced to the art of writing, and that trustworthy vardapets be put over them. In particular he ordered that the families of the impure pagan priests and their children should be gathered together in groups at suitable places and that adequate stipends be established for them:

22:4 Եւ զնոսա յերկուս բաժանեալ, զոմանս յԱսորի դպրութիւն կարգեալ, եւ զոմանս ի Հելլէն:
22:4 These people were divided into two groups with one group learning Syriac and the other, Greek:

Ագաթանգեղոս 3-11 Agatangeghos
https://12historians.armeniancathedral.org/book/t02Agat3_11.htm
11:11 Եւ որք դիմեալ հասեալ էին զգաստացեալ զաւրաւքն, սուրբն Գրիգոր թագաւորաւն հանդերձ, փշրէին զոսկի պատկերն Անահտական կանացի դիցն. եւ ամենեւին զտեղին քանդեալ վատնէին, եւ զոսկին եւ զարծաթն աւար առեալ:
11:11 Those who had arrived, the converted troops, saint Gregory, and the king, broke into pieces the gold statue of the female goddess Anahit and completely destroyed and looted the place, taking the gold and silver as booty:

11:13 Եւ զգանձս երկոցուն մեհենացն աւարեալ ժողովեալ՝ ի նուէր սպասուց սուրբ եկեղեցւոյն Աստուծոյ թողուին տեղեաւքն հանդերձ:
11:13 The looted treasures of the two temples were gathered up and placed in service to the holy Church of God, along with the sites themselves:

Ագաթանգեղոս 3-12 Agatangeghos
https://12historians.armeniancathedral.org/book/t02Agat3_12.htm
12:8 Եւ զայն ի հիմանց բրեալ խլէին, եւ զգանձսն մթերեալս աւար հարկանէին եւ աղքատաց բաշխէին, եւ զտեղիսն նուիրէին եկեղեցւոյ. եւ զբնակիչս աշխարհին հաստատէր ի գիտութիւն ճշմարտութեան:
12:8 This they levelled to its foundations and the treasures accumulated there were taken as booty, and distributed among the poor. The sites themselves were gifted to the Church. He confirmed the inhabitants of the land in the knowledge of the truth:

controlling the world

LXX Septuagint
The scholars worked in Alexandria during the reign of Ptolemy II Philadelphus (285-247 B.C.), according to the Letter of Aristeas to his brother Philocrates. They assembled to translate the Hebrew Old Testament into the Greek language because Koine Greek began to supplant Hebrew as the language most commonly spoken by the Jewish people during the Hellenistic Period.
Aristeas determined that 72 scholars took part in the Hebrew-to-Greek Bible translation by calculating six elders for each of the 12 tribes of Israel. Adding to the legend and symbolism of the number is the idea that the translation was created in 72 days, according to The Biblical Archaeologist article, "Why Study the Septuagint?" written by Melvin K. H. Peters in 1986.

Vardan Mamikonian | Վարդան Մամիկոնյան

Խորենացի
81:3 Ի սորա աւուրս ասեն եկեալ ի Հայս նախնի ազգին Մամիկոնէից յարեւելից հիւսիսականէն, ի քաջատոհմիկ եւ ի գլխաւոր աշխարհէ եւ ամենայն հիւսիսականաց ազգաց առաջին ասեմ իսկ զՃենացն. որ ունին զրոյցս այսպիսիս:
81:3 In his days, they say, there came to Armenia the ancestor of the Mamikonian family from the northeast, from a valiant and noble land foremost among all the nations of the north, I mean the land of the Chinese, of whom the following tale is told:

https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ճորա_պահակ
451 թվականի հայոց ապստամբության ժամանակ Վարդան Մամիկոնյանը, ձգտելով առավելագույն ուժեղացնել ճնշումը պարսկական բանակի վրա, հասել էր Ճորա պահակ և բացել ամրությունները Հյուսիսային Կովկասի լեռնականների և հոների առջև։Վարդանին այդ գործում օգնում էին նաև հոն զորքի զորավար Թոյգոլոսին՝իր զորքով և աղվանները

maps: jews in Egypt and exodus

jews in Egypt and exodus | 150+km from Memphis (Cairo)
Travel on horseback, with a spare horse: 40-60 km, 25-37 miles. (200-300 km, 125-185 miles per week)

Memphis- EgyptMemphis
Destroyed Libraries
  1. The Library of Ashurbanipal (c. 612 BCE): Located in Nineveh, destroyed during the sack of Nineveh.
  2. The Library of Alexandria (Various occurrences): The most famous library, lost during various periods in history, with the exact details and dates debated.
  3. The Library of Pergamum (c. 2nd Century BCE): Destroyed as part of a political rivalry with the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt.
  4. The Library of Serapeum (391 CE): Located in Alexandria, Egypt, destroyed during the early Christian period, circumstances debated.
  5. The Library of Constantinople (1204): Damaged during the Fourth Crusade.
  6. The Library of Antioch (363 CE): Royal Library of Antioch destroyed by the Roman Emperor Julian.
  7. The Library of Baghdad (1258): Destroyed during the Mongol Siege of Baghdad.
  8. The Library of Rayy (13th Century): Destroyed during the Mongol invasion.
  9. The Library of the Aztec Codices (16th Century): Destroyed by Spanish conquistadors in the Americas.
  10. The Library of Otranto (1480): Damaged during the Ottoman siege of Otranto in Italy.
  11. The Library of the Villa of the Papyri (79 CE): Buried in Herculaneum by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius.
  12. The Library of Alexandria (641 CE): Likely further damaged during the Muslim conquest of Alexandria.
  13. The Library of Isfahan (1722): Destroyed during the sack of Isfahan by Afghan forces.
  14. The Library of Cotton House (1731): Part of the British Library, damaged by fire.
  15. The Library of Nalanda (1193): Destroyed by Turkish invaders during the Islamic conquest of India.
  16. The National Library of Sarajevo (1992): Deliberately targeted and burned during the Bosnian War.
  17. The Timbuktu Manuscripts (2012): Some manuscripts intentionally damaged during the occupation by Islamist militant groups.
  18. The National Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992): Targeted and set on fire during the Bosnian War.
  19. The Library of Congress Fire (1851): Damaged by fire during the Capitol fire in Washington, D.C.
  20. The Cultural Revolution in China (1966-1976): Many libraries and cultural institutions intentionally damaged during the political movement.
  21. The Library of Tanis (c. 12th Century BCE): Tanis, an ancient Egyptian city, may have had a library that faced potential losses over time.
  22. The Library of Ebla (c. 2300 BCE): Located in ancient Ebla (modern-day Syria), destroyed when the city was sacked.
  23. The Library of Seleucus (c. 3rd Century BCE): Founded in ancient Antioch by Seleucus I Nicator, the library likely suffered damage and decline over time.
  24. The Library of Antioch (1st Century BCE): Another library in Antioch, it faced challenges and potential destruction during the Roman period.
  25. The Library of Pisistratus (c. 6th Century BCE): Established in Athens by Pisistratus, it faced potential losses due to political changes.
  26. The Library of Sankore (c. 14th Century): Located in Timbuktu, Mali, during the Mali Empire, it was a major center of learning and may have faced losses over time.
  27. The Library of Hippo Regius (5th Century): Augustine of Hippo's library in North Africa may have faced damage during the Vandal sack of the city in 431 CE.
  28. The Library of Persepolis (c. 6th Century BCE): The ancient Persian capital had a royal library that might have faced damage during the conquests of Alexander the Great.
  29. The Library of Ephesus (c. 2nd Century BCE): As one of the major cities in the Hellenistic world, Ephesus likely had a library that faced potential losses.
  30. The Library of Celsus (2nd Century CE): While primarily a monumental tomb, the Celsus Library in Ephesus may have housed scrolls, and its decline could have led to losses.
  31. The Library of Sardis (c. 6th Century BCE): Sardis, an ancient Lydian and Persian city in Anatolia, could have had a library that faced potential losses over time.
  32. The Library of Erech (c. 21st Century BCE): An ancient Sumerian city, Erech likely had archives and repositories that might have faced losses over time.
  33. The Library of Eumenes II at Pergamum (2nd Century BCE): Eumenes II established a library in Pergamum as a response to the ban on exporting papyrus from Egypt to rival Alexandria. It faced potential losses during the Roman period.
  34. The Library of Hadrian's Villa (2nd Century CE): Hadrian's Villa in Tivoli, Italy, had an extensive complex with potential libraries that might have faced damage or decay over time.
  35. The Library of Chinguetti (c. 13th Century): Located in present-day Mauritania, this medieval Islamic center of learning faced potential losses due to various historical changes.
  36. The Library of Tebtunis (2nd Century BCE): Located in Egypt, it was associated with the Ptolemaic era and may have faced losses over time.
  37. The Library of Vologases I (c. 1st Century CE): Established by the Parthian king Vologases I, it could have faced potential losses during historical transitions.
  38. The Library of Mytilene (6th Century BCE): Mytilene, an ancient Greek city on the island of Lesbos, likely had a library that faced potential losses over time.
  39. The Library of Cyrene (c. 7th Century BCE): Cyrene, an ancient Greek colony in North Africa, might have had a library that faced challenges and potential losses.
  40. The Library of Iolcos (c. 6th Century BCE): Iolcos, an ancient Greek city, might have had a library that faced potential losses over time.
  41. The Library of Knossos (c. 20th Century BCE): The ancient Minoan city of Knossos on Crete could have had archives or repositories that faced potential losses.
  42. The Library of Al-Qarawiyyin (c. 9th Century): Founded by Fatima al-Fihri in Fes, Morocco, it is considered the oldest existing, continually operating educational institution in the world. While not strictly a library, it houses ancient manuscripts and may have faced challenges over the centuries.
  43. The Library of Megalopolis (c. 3rd Century BCE): Megalopolis, an ancient Greek city in Arcadia, might have had a library that faced potential losses over time.
  44. The Library of Actium (31 BCE): The city of Actium in Greece faced changes after the Battle of Actium between Octavian (later Emperor Augustus) and Mark Antony, which might have affected any libraries present.
  45. The Library of Panticapaeum (c. 6th Century BCE): An ancient Greek city on the Crimean Peninsula, Panticapaeum might have had a library that faced potential losses over time.
  46. The Library of Seleucia (c. 4th Century BCE): Seleucia, an ancient Greek city founded by Seleucus I Nicator, could have had a library that faced potential losses over time.
  47. The Library of Amphipolis (c. 5th Century BCE): Amphipolis, an ancient Greek city, might have had a library that faced potential losses over time.
  48. The Library of El Escorial (16th Century): While primarily a monastery and royal residence, El Escorial in Spain had an extensive collection of manuscripts and faced potential losses.
  49. The Library of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (15th Century): The founder of the Gaudiya Vaishnavism tradition, Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, is said to have had a personal library that may have faced losses over time.
  50. The Library of Mytilene (6th Century BCE): Mytilene, an ancient Greek city on the island of Lesbos, likely had a library that faced potential losses over time.
  51. The Library of Alalakh (c. 18th Century BCE): Alalakh, an ancient city in modern-day Turkey, could have had a library that faced potential losses over time.
  52. The Library of Acragas (c. 5th Century BCE): Acragas (Agrigento), an ancient Greek city in Sicily, might have had a library that faced potential losses over time.
  53. The Library of Ani (10th Century): Ani, in medieval Armenia, had a renowned library that may have faced damage during invasions and conflicts.
  54. The Library of Sardis (c. 6th Century BCE): Sardis, an ancient Lydian and Persian city in Anatolia, could have had a library that faced potential losses over time.
  55. The Library of Seleucus (c. 3rd Century BCE): Founded in ancient Antioch by Seleucus I Nicator, the library likely suffered damage and decline over time.
  56. The Library of Erech (c. 21st Century BCE): An ancient Sumerian city, Erech likely had archives and repositories that might have faced losses over time.
  57. The Library of Eumenes II at Pergamum (2nd Century BCE): Eumenes II established a library in Pergamum as a response to the ban on exporting papyrus from Egypt to rival Alexandria. It faced potential losses during the Roman period.
  58. The Library of Hadrian's Villa (2nd Century CE): Hadrian's Villa in Tivoli, Italy, had an extensive complex with potential libraries that might have faced damage or decay over time.
  59. The Library of Chinguetti (c. 13th Century): Located in present-day Mauritania, this medieval Islamic center of learning faced potential losses due to various historical changes.
  60. The Library of Tanis (c. 12th Century BCE): Tanis, an ancient Egyptian city, may have had a library that faced potential losses over time.
  61. The Library of Al-Qarawiyyin (c. 9th Century): Founded by Fatima al-Fihri in Fes, Morocco, it is considered the oldest existing, continually operating educational institution in the world. While not strictly a library, it houses ancient manuscripts and may have faced challenges over the centuries.
  62. The Library of Mytilene (6th Century BCE): Mytilene, an ancient Greek city on the island of Lesbos, likely had a library that faced potential losses over time.
  63. The Library of Cyrene (c. 7th Century BCE): Cyrene, an ancient Greek colony in North Africa, might have had a library that faced challenges and potential losses.
  64. The Library of Iolcos (c. 6th Century BCE): Iolcos, an ancient Greek city, might have had a library that faced potential losses over time.
  65. The Library of Knossos (c. 20th Century BCE): The ancient Minoan city of Knossos on Crete could have had archives or repositories that faced potential losses.
  66. The Library of Amr ibn al-As (642 CE): Established in Fustat (Old Cairo), Egypt, by the Arab general Amr ibn al-As after the Muslim conquest, it faced potential losses over the centuries.
  67. The Library of El Escorial (16th Century): While primarily a monastery and royal residence, El Escorial in Spain had an extensive collection of manuscripts and faced potential losses.
  68. The Library of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (15th Century): The founder of the Gaudiya Vaishnavism tradition, Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, is said to have had a personal library that may have faced losses over time.
  69. The Library of Susa (c. 4th Century BCE): Susa, an ancient Persian city, might have had a library that faced potential losses during historical transitions.
  70. The Library of Lucius Aelius (2nd Century CE): Lucius Aelius, the adopted son of Emperor Hadrian, was known for his interest in literature and culture, and his personal library may have faced potential losses.
  71. The Library of Mytilene (6th Century BCE): Mytilene, an ancient Greek city on the island of Lesbos, likely had a library that faced potential losses over time.
  72. The Library of Erech (c. 21st Century BCE): An ancient Sumerian city, Erech likely had archives and repositories that might have faced losses over time.
  73. The Library of Eumenes II at Pergamum (2nd Century BCE): Eumenes II established a library in Pergamum as a response to the ban on exporting papyrus from Egypt to rival Alexandria. It faced potential losses during the Roman period.
  74. The Library of Hadrian's Villa (2nd Century CE): Hadrian's Villa in Tivoli, Italy, had an extensive complex with potential libraries that might have faced damage or decay over time.
  75. The Library of Chinguetti (c. 13th Century): Located in present-day Mauritania, this medieval Islamic center of learning faced potential losses due to various historical changes.
  76. The Library of Actium (31 BCE): The city of Actium in Greece faced changes after the Battle of Actium between Octavian (later Emperor Augustus) and Mark Antony, which might have affected any libraries present.
  77. The Library of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (15th Century): The founder of the Gaudiya Vaishnavism tradition, Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, is said to have had a personal library that may have faced losses over time.
  78. The Library of Celsus (2nd Century CE): While primarily a monumental tomb, the Celsus Library in Ephesus may have housed scrolls, and its decline could have led to losses.
  79. The Library of Aztec Codices (16th Century): Destroyed by Spanish conquistadors in the Americas.
  80. The Library of Tebtunis (2nd Century BCE): Located in Egypt, it was associated with the Ptolemaic era and may have faced losses over time.
  81. The Library of Vologases I (c. 1st Century CE): Established by the Parthian king Vologases I, it could have faced potential losses during historical transitions.
  82. The Library of Al-Qarawiyyin (c. 9th Century): Founded by Fatima al-Fihri in Fes, Morocco, it is considered the oldest existing, continually operating educational institution in the world. While not strictly a library, it houses ancient manuscripts and may have faced challenges over the centuries.
  83. The Library of Sardis (c. 6th Century BCE): Sardis, an ancient Lydian and Persian city in Anatolia, could have had a library that faced potential losses over time.
  84. The Library of Seleucus (c. 3rd Century BCE): Founded in ancient Antioch by Seleucus I Nicator, the library likely suffered damage and decline over time.
  85. The Library of Amphipolis (c. 5th Century BCE): Amphipolis, an ancient Greek city, might have had a library that faced potential losses over time.
  86. The Library of El Escorial (16th Century): While primarily a monastery and royal residence, El Escorial in Spain had an extensive collection of manuscripts and faced potential losses.
  87. The Library of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (15th Century): The founder of the Gaudiya Vaishnavism tradition, Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, is said to have had a personal library that may have faced losses over time.
  88. The Library of Tanis (c. 12th Century BCE): Tanis, an ancient Egyptian city, may have had a library that faced potential losses over time.
  89. The Library of Al-Qarawiyyin (c. 9th Century): Founded by Fatima al-Fihri in Fes, Morocco, it is considered the oldest existing, continually operating educational institution in the world. While not strictly a library, it houses ancient manuscripts and may have faced challenges over the centuries.
  90. The Library of Mytilene (6th Century BCE): Mytilene, an ancient Greek city on the island of Lesbos, likely had a library that faced potential losses over time.
  91. The Library of Cyrene (c. 7th Century BCE): Cyrene, an ancient Greek colony in North Africa, might have had a library that faced challenges and potential losses.
  92. The Library of Iolcos (c. 6th Century BCE): Iolcos, an ancient Greek city, might have had a library that faced potential losses over time.
  93. The Library of Knossos (c. 20th Century BCE): The ancient Minoan city of Knossos on Crete could have had archives or repositories that faced potential losses.
  94. The Library of Amr ibn al-As (642 CE): Established in Fustat (Old Cairo), Egypt, by the Arab general Amr ibn al-As after the Muslim conquest, it faced potential losses over the centuries.
  95. The Library of El Escorial (16th Century): While primarily a monastery and royal residence, El Escorial in Spain had an extensive collection of manuscripts and faced potential losses.
  96. The Library of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (15th Century): The founder of the Gaudiya Vaishnavism tradition, Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, is said to have had a personal library that may have faced losses over time.
  97. The Library of Susa (c. 4th Century BCE): Susa, an ancient Persian city, might have had a library that faced potential losses during historical transitions.
  98. The Library of Lucius Aelius (2nd Century CE): Lucius Aelius, the adopted son of Emperor Hadrian, was known for his interest in literature and culture, and his personal library may have faced potential losses.
  99. The Library of Panticapaeum (c. 6th Century BCE): An ancient Greek city on the Crimean Peninsula, Panticapaeum might have had a library that faced potential losses over time.
  100. The Library of Antioch (363 CE): Royal Library of Antioch destroyed by the Roman Emperor Julian.
Job and Armenia

Job-Armenin.mp4

Հայ արքաներ

Հայոց արքաները և նրանց գահակալման տարեթվերը

Հայկական լեռնաշխարհում առաջին պետական կազմավորումների համախմբումը տեղի է ունեցել XV-XII դարերում: IX-IV դարերում այստեղ ձևավորվել է հինմերձավորարևելյան տիպի հայկական պետականությունը (Ուրարտու, Երվանդունիների Հայկական թագավորություն), իսկ մ.թ.ա. III դարից՝  հելլենիստական (Արտաշեսյանների Մեծ Հայք):

III-IV դարերի սահմանագծին Արշակունիների Մեծ Հայքի թագավորությունը սոցիալ-տնտեսական տեղաշարժերի արդյունքում աստիճանաբար վերածվել է ֆեոդալական միապետության: Դասական ֆեոդալական միապետությունները Բագրատունիների թագավորությունն ու Կիլիկյան հայկական պետություններն են:

Որպես Առաջին աշխարհամարտի հետևանք ավելի քան հինգդարյա դադարից հետո՝ 1918-ի մայիսին ծնվել է Հայաստանի Հանրապետությունը

Հնագույն պետական կազմավորումներ

Հայկական լեռնաշխարհում առաջին պետական կազմավորումը համարվում է մ.թ.ա. XXVIII-XXVII դարերում գոյություն ունեցած Արատտան, որը կրոնապետական երկիր էր:

Հայկական լեռնաշխարհի հաջորդ պետական կազմավորումները եղել են Արմի (մ.թ.ա. XXIV դար) և Արմանում (մ.թ.ա. XXIII դար) երկրները, Միտաննի թագավորությունը (մ.թ.ա. XVI-XIII դդ.), Հայասան (մ.թ.ա.XV-XIV դդ.), Նաիրին (մ.թ.ա. XIII-IX դդ.):

Մինչ այսօր այդ երկրների արքաների ամբողջական ցանկը հայտնի չէ։ Ավելին,  ոչ այդ պետական կազմավորումները հայկական չեն համարվում։

Ուրարտու (մ.թ.ա. 860–590 թթ.)

Հայկական լեռնաշխարհում գոյություն ունեցած առաջին պետական կազմավորումը, որի բոլոր արքաները և նրանց գահակալման տարեթվերը հայտնի են, դա Ուրարտուն է կամ Արարատի թագավորությունը։

Հին շրջանի պատմության հետազոտությամբ զբաղվող պատմաբանները միակարծիք չեն նրա հայկական պետություն լինելու մասին:

Մ.թ.ա. 843–835 թթ. Լուտիպրի
Մ.թ.ա. 835–825 թթ. Սարդուրի I
Մ.թ.ա. 825–810 թթ. Իշպուինի
Մ.թ.ա. 810–786 թթ. Մենուա
Մ.թ.ա. 786–764 թթ. Արգիշտի I
Մ.թ.ա. 764–735 թթ. Սարդուրի II
Մ.թ.ա. 735–713 թթ. Ռուսա I

Մ.թ.ա. 713–685 թթ. Արգիշտի II
Մ.թ.ա. 685–645 թթ. Ռուսա II
Մ.թ.ա. 645–635 թթ. Սարդուրի III
Մ.թ.ա. 635–625 թթ. Սարդուրի IV
Մ.թ.ա. 625–617 թթ. Էրիմենա
Մ.թ.ա.  617–609 թթ. Ռուսա III
Մ.թ.ա.  609–590 թթ. Ռուսա IV

Երվանդունիներ (մ.թ.ա. 612–201 թթ.)

Հայկական լեռնաշխարհի առաջին պետական կազմավորումը, որի հայկական պետություն լինելու շուրջ պատմաբանների շրջանում տարակարծություններ չկան և բոլորն ընդունում են դրա զուտ հայկական լինելու փաստը, Երվանդունիների թագավորությունն է:

Արքունական այս տոհմն իշխել է Մեծ Հայքում, Փոքր Հայքում, Ծոփքում և Կոմմագենեում

Մ.թ.ա. 612–585 թթ. Պարույր Սկայորդի
Մ.թ.ա. 580–560 թթ. Երվանդ Սակավակյաց
Մ.թ.ա. 560–535 թթ. Տիգրան Երվանդյան
Մ.թ.ա. VI դարի վերջ Հյուդարնես I
Մ.թ.ա. V դարի սկիզբ Հյուդարնես II
Մ.թ.ա. V դարի կեսեր Հյուդարնես III

Մ.թ.ա. V դարի II կես Արտաշիր (Արտաշես)
Մ.թ.ա. 404–360 թթ. Երվանդ II (Օրոնտաս)
Մ.թ.ա. 331–300 թթ. Երվանդ III (Օրոնտաս)
Մ.թ.ա. 299–270 թթ. Վանանես
Մ.թ.ա. 220–201 թթ. Երվանդ IV Վերջին

Ծոփք–Կոմմագենեի արքաները

Մ.թ.ա. III դարի I կես Սամոս
Մ.թ.ա. 240–220 թթ. Արշամ
Մ.թ.ա. 220–215 թթ. Աբդիսարես
Մ.թ.ա. 215–201 թթ. Քսերքսես

Արտաշեսյաններ (մ.թ.ա. 189–1 թթ.)

Արտաշես Ա Բարեպաշտը մ.թ.ա. 201 թվականին Սելևկյան արքա Անտիոքոս III օժանդակությամբ Երվանդ IV Երվանդունու դեմ հանդես հալով և տապալելով նրան, մ.թ.ա 189 թվականին հռչակում է իրեն Մեծ Հայքի թագավոր, միաժամանակ հայտարարելով իրեն Երվանդունի: Այնուամենայնիվ՝ պատմագրության մեջ արքան համարվում է նոր հարստության հիմնադիր:

Արքայական այս տոհմը իշխել է Մեծ Հայքում, կարճաժամկետ՝ Ասորիքում և Ատրպատականում,  Օսրոենե, Ադիաբենե և Կոմմագենե իշխանապետություններում:

Տոհմի գահակալման վերջին տարին պաշտոնապես համարվում է մ․թ 1 թվականը, սակայն նրա ներկայացուցիչները հետայսու բազմել են հայկական գահին։

Մ.թ.ա 189–160 թթ. Արտաշես I Բարի
Մ.թ.ա 160–115 թթ. Արտավազդ I
Մ.թ.ա 115–95 թթ. Տիգրան I
Մ.թ.ա 95–55 թթ. Տիգրան II Մեծ
Մ.թ.ա 55–34 թթ. Արտավազդ II

Մ.թ.ա 30–20 թթ. Արտաշես II
Մ.թ.ա 20–8 թթ. Տիգրան III
Մ.թ.ա 8–5 թթ. Տիգրան IV
Մ.թ.ա 5–2 թթ. Արտավազդ III
Մ.թ.ա 2 թ. –1 թ. Տիգրան IV և Էրատո
Մ․թ 1-2  և մ․թ 5- 7 Էրատո

Դրածո արքաները Մեծ Հայքի գահին (1-66 թթ.)

Մ․թ 1-ին թվականից Մեծ Հայքի գային բազմում են ինչպես Հռոմեական պետության, այդպես էլ Պարթևական կայսրության դրածո արքաները, որոնց մեծ մասը հարևան երկրների արքայական տոհմերից են։

1–2 թթ. Էրատո
2–4 թթ. Արիոբարզան
4–6 թթ. Արտավազդ IV
6 թ. Տիգրան V
6–11 թթ. Էրատո
12–16 թթ. Վանոն Արշակունի
18–34 թթ. Արտաշես III (Զենոն–Արտաշես)

34–35 թթ. Արշակ I (Սանատրուկ)
35–37 թթ. Միհրդատ Իբերացի
38–40 թթ. Պոլեմոն
40–43 թթ. Կոտիս
47–51 թթ. Միհրդատ Իբերացի
51–54 թթ. Հռադամիզդ
60–61 թթ. Տիգրան VI

Արշակունիներ (66-428 թթ.)

66 թվականին Հայաստանում գահ է բարձրացել Պարթևստանի Արշակունների տոհմից արքա Վաղարշի եղբայր Տրդատը:  Հռոմի կողմից նրա գահակալության պաշտոնական ճանաչմամբ Հայաստանում հաստատվում է պարթև Արշակունիների արքայատոհմի կրտսեր ճյուղը։

Հետագայում Հայաստանյան Արշակունիները խնամիական կապեր են հաստատել տեղի հայ նախարարների հետ, որի արդյունքում արքայատոհմի սերունդները  հայացել են: Հաստությունը կործանվել է 428 թվականին։

66–88 թթ. Տրդատ I
88–110 թթ. Սանատրուկ
110–113 թթ. Աշխադար
113–114 թթ. Պարթամասիր
114–117 թթ. Հայաստանը Հռոմեական պրովինցիա
117–144 թթ. Վաղարշ I
144–161 թթ. Սոհեմոս–Տիգրան
161–163 թթ. Բակուր I
164–186 թթ. Սոհեմոս–Տիգրան
186–198 թթ. Վաղարշ II

198–216 թթ. Խոսրով I
217–252 թթ. Տրդատ II
252–262 թթ. Արտավազդ V
262–272 թթ. Որմիզդ–Արտաշիր Սասանյան
272–279 թթ. Ներսեհ Սասանյան
279–287 թթ. Խոսրով II Մեծ
287–330 թթ. Տրդատ III Մեծ
331–338 թթ. Խոսրով III Կոտակ
338–350 թթ. Տիրան
350–368 թթ. Արշակ II

368–369 թթ. Փառանձեմ թագուհի
370–374 թթ. Պապ Արշակունի
374–378 թթ. Վարազդատ
378–387 թթ. Արշակ III
387–389 թթ. Խոսրով IV
389–400 թթ. Առավան պարսիկ
400–415 թթ. Վռամշապուհ
415–419 թթ. Շապուհ պարսիկ
422–428 թթ. Արտաշիր

Մարզպանական Հայաստան

Հայաստանում Արշակունյաց թագավորության անկումից 10 տարի անց Հայաստանի մարզպան է նշանակվել Վասակ Սյունին, որից հետո, որոշ ընդմիջումներով հայոց երկիրը կառավարել են սկզբում Սասանյան Պարսկաստանի, իսկ VIII դարի սկզբից` Արաբական խալիֆայության կողմից նշանակված տեղի հայ իշխանական նշանավոր տոհմերի ներկայացուցիչները:

Այս ընթացքում Սասանյան Պարսկաստանի կործանումից` 640-ական թվականների սկզբից մինչև արաբների կողմից 700 թվականին Հայաստանի վերջնական գրավումը, Հայաստանն ունեցել է կիսանկախ կարգավիճակ` որոշակի կախվածություն ունենալով սկզբում Բյուզանդիայից, իսկ 652 թվականի հայ-արաբական պայմանագրից հետո` Արաբական խալիֆայությունից:

438–451 թթ. Վասակ Սյունի
481–482 թթ. Սահակ Բագրատունի I
484–506 թթ. Վահան Մամիկոնյան
506–509 թթ. Վարդ Պատրիկ Մամիկոնյան
509–520 թթ. պարսիկ Բուրգան
521–555 թթ.  Մժեժ Գնունի
555–564 թթ. պարսիկ Դենշապուհ
564–572 թթ. պարսիկ Սուրեն Ճիհովր-Վշնասպ
572–576 թթ. Վարդան Մամիկոնյան (Կարմիր Վարդան)
576–591 թթ. պարսիկ Ճիհովր Վղոն Միհրան

591–599 թթ. Սմբատ Բագրատունի I
599–629 թթ. Դավիթ Սահառունի
629–635 թթ. Մժեժ Գնունի
635–639 թթ. Դավիթ Սահառունի
639–654 թթ. Թեոդորոս Ռշտունի
654–661 թթ. Համազասպ Մամիկոնյան
661–685 թթ. Գրիգոր Մամիկոնյան
685–689 թթ. Աշոտ Բագրատունի I
689–693 թթ. Ներսեհ Կամսարական
693–701 թթ., 703–726 թթ. Սմբատ Բագրատունի II

732–749 թթ. Աշոտ Բագրատունի II
749–753 թթ. Մուշեղ Մամիկոնյան
753–770 թթ. Սահակ Բագրատունի II
770–775 թթ. Սմբատ Բագրատունի II
775–781 թթ. Աշոտ Բագրատունի III
781–785 թթ. Տաճատ Անձևացի
790–826 թթ. Աշոտ Մսակեր Բագրատունի IV
826–851 թթ. Բագարատ Բագրատունի
851–855 թթ. Սմբատ Բագրատունի III
855–885 թթ. Աշոտ Բագրատունի V – նույն  արքա Աշոտ I-ը

Բագրատունիներ (885–1045 թթ.)

885 թվականին Հայաստանում հաստատվել է Բագրատունիների թագավորությունը, որը գոյություն է ունեցել ընդամենը 160 տարի:

Զարգացած ֆեոդալիզմի պայմաններում Բագրատունյաց կենտրոնական թագավորության տրոհման պատճառով առաջացել են 4 կիսանկախ թագավորություններ:

885–890 թթ. Աշոտ I
890–914 թթ. Սմբատ I
914–928 թթ. Աշոտ II Երկաթ
928–953 թթ. Աբաս
953–977 թթ. Աշոտ III Ողորմած
977–990 թթ. Սմբատ II Տիեզերակալ
990–1020 թթ. Գագիկ I Շահնշահ
1020–1041 թթ. Հովհաննես–Սմբատ
1042–1045 թթ. Գագիկ II

Վան–Վասպուրականի Արծրունյաց թագավորություն (908–1021 թթ.)

908–937 թթ. Գագիկ–Խաչիկ Արծրունի
937–958 թթ. Աշոտ–Դերենիկ
958–968 թթ. Աբուսահլ–Համազասպ
968–990 թթ. Աշոտ–Սահակ
977–1003 թթ. Աշոտ–Սահակ, Գուրգեն–Խաչիկ, Սենեքերիմ–Հովհաննես Արծրունիներ
1003–1021 թթ. Սենեքերիմ–Հովհաննես

Տաշիր-Ձորագետի կամ Լոռու Կյուրիկյան թագավորություն (978–1118 թթ.)

978–990 թթ. Գուրգեն
990–1048 թթ. Դավիթ Անհողին
1048–1089 թթ. Կյուրիկե
1089–1113 թթ. Աբաս
1113–1118 թթ. Դավիթ II

Վանանդի կամ Կարսի թագավորություն (963–1065 թթ.)

963–984 թթ. Մուշեղ
984–1029 թթ. Աբաս
1029–1065 թթ. Գագիկ Աբասյան

Սյունիքի կամ Բաղացբերդի թագավորություն (987–1170 թթ.)

987–998 թթ. Սմբատ I Սահակյան
998–1040 թթ. Վասակ I
1040–1044 թթ. Սմբատ II Աշոտյան
1044–1072 թթ. Գրիգոր I
1072–1094 թթ. Սենեքերիմ Սևադյան
1094–1166 Գրիգոր II Սենեքերիմյան
1166–1170 թթ. Հասան Խաչենցի

Ռուբինյաններ (1080–1219 թթ.)

1080 թվականին Բագրատունյաց վերջին արքա Գագիկ II-ի թիկնապահ Ռուբենի կողմից Լեռնային Կիլիկիայում հաստատվել է Ռուբինյանների իշխանապետությունը: Ռուբեն I-ի հաջորդների օրոք Ռուբինյանների իշխանապետության սահմանները գնալով ընդարձակվել են, իսկ Լևոն 2-րդի օրոք` 1198 թվականի հունվարի 6-ին այն հռչակվել է թագավորություն:

1080–1095 թթ. Ռուբեն I
1095–1100 թթ. Կոստանդին I
1100–1129 թթ. Թորոս I
1129–1137 թթ. Լևոն I
1137–1145 թթ. Կիլիկիան Բյուզանդական պրովինցիա

1145–1169 թթ. Թորոս II
1169–1175 թթ. Մլեհ Ռուբինյան
1175–1187 թթ. Ռուբեն II
1187–1247 թթ. Լևոն II Մեծագործ (1198-ից՝ թագավոր)

Զաքարյաններ և Օրբելյաններ (XII-XIV դդ․)

1185-ին  Վրաց Թամար թագուհին Զաքարյաններին դասել է խոշոր ֆեոդալների շարքը, իսկ Սարգիս Մեծին հանձնել ամիրսպասալարի (գլխավոր հրամանատար) պաշտոնը։ Զաքարյանների ազդեցությունը հատկապես մեծացել է 1190-ական թվականներին, երբ Զաքարե Բ ամիրսպասալար և Իվանե Ա աթաբեկ եղբայրները գլխավորում էին հայոց ու վրաց զորքերը։ շուրջ քսան տարի պատերազմներ են վարել սելջուկների դեմ և ազատագրել կենտրոնական և հարավային Հայաստանը, որով և ստեղծվել է Զաքարյանների անկախ պետությունը՝

1211 թվականին հայ-վրացական միացյալ ուժերի ազատգրման շնորհիվ Վայոց ձորում, Գեղարքունիքի գավառներումև Աղստևի հովտում Լիպարիտ Օրբելյանը հիմնադրել է Զաքարյան իշխանապետությունից վասալական կախվածության մեջ գտնվող Սյունիքի Օրբելյանների իշխանությունը։ 1251  և 1256 թվականներին Սպմաթ Օրբելյանը մոնղոլական կայրից ստանում է «ինշուի»՝ մոնղոլներին անմիջապես հարկ վճարելու իրավունքը, վերջնակլանապես անկախանում է Զաքարյաններից և հռչակվում «Հայոց թագավոր»։

Զաքարյաններ
1190 – 1212 թթ. Զաքարե Բ
1212 — 1227  թթ. Իվանե Ա
1227 —  1250  թթ. Ավագ Զաքարյան

Օրբելյաններ
1211-1223 Լիպարիտ I
1223-1253 Էլիկում II
1253-1273 Սմբատ I
1273-1290 Տարսայիճ

1290-1300 Էլիկում III
1300-1348 Բուրթել I Մեծ
1348-1375 Բեշքեն Իշխան
1348-1385 Իվանե (Ինանիկ)
1385-1386 Բուրթել II և Սմբատ II

Խեթումյաններ (1226 — 1342թթ)

1219 թվականին Լևոն II Մեծագործի մահից հետո վերջինիս արու զավակ չունենալու, իսկ դստեր` մանկահասակ լինելու պատճառով Կիլիլիայի հայկական պետությունը որոշ ժամանակ ղեկավարել է Կոստանդին Գունդստաբլը (սպարապետ), որը նշանակվել էր որպես մանկահասակ Զաբելի և թագավորության խնամակալ:

Երկու տարի անց` 1221 թվականին Զաբելին ամուսնացրել են Անտիոքի դուքս Բոհեմունդ Միակնանու որդու` Ֆիլիպի հետ: Սակայն, արքունիքը հայաթափելու և հայկական սովորույթները արհամարհելու համար Կիլիկիայի հայ իշխանները 1223 թվականին ձերբակալել և բանտարկել են Ֆիլիպին` զրկելով գահից:

Երկրի կառավարումը դարձյալ հանձնվել է Զաբելի և թագավորության խնամակալ Կոստանդին գունդստաբլին, ով 1226 թվականին, հայ իշխանների համաձայնությամբ Զաբելին ամուսնացրել է իր որդու` Հեթումի հետ: Այսպիսով, 1226 թվականին Կիլիկիայում հաստատվել է հայկական վերջին թագավորությունը` Հեթումյանների գլխավորությամբ:

Արքայատոհմի վերջին ներկայացուցիչ Լևոն V հանկարծամահ Է եղել 1341 թվականին,, իսկ նրա միակ որդին՝ արքայազն Հեթումը մահացել էր մանուկ հասակում, 1329 թվականին։ Կիլիկիայի հայկական թագավորության գահը անցնում է Լևոն V հորաքրոջ՝ Իզաբելլայի որդուն՝ Կոստանդին Գ Լուսինյանին։

1219–1221 թթ. Կոստանդին գունդստաբլ
1221–1223 թթ. Ֆիլիպ
1223–1226 թթ. Կոստանդին գունդստաբլ
1226–1270 թթ. Հեթում I Հեթումյան
1270–1289 թթ. Լևոն III
1289–1293 թթ. Հեթում II
1293–1294 թթ. Թորոս III

1294–1296 թթ. Հեթում II
1296–1298 թթ.Սմբատ
1298–1299 թթ. Կոստանդին II
1299–1305 թթ. Հեթում II
1305–1307 թթ. Լևոն IV
1308–1320 թթ. Օշին
1320–1342 թթ. Լևոն V

Լուզինյաններ և Նզրեցիներ (1226 — 1342թթ)

Լուսինյանների իշխան Գյուին կամ Գվիդոնը, որը Երուսաղեմի արքա Բալդուին I փեսան էր, նրանից ժառանգեց Երուսաղեմի գահը։ 1192ին կարգվեց Կիպրոսի թագավոր՝ հիմնադրելով Լուսինյանների արքայատունը Կիպրոսում (1192-1489 թթ)։ Թագավոր Ամորի II 1293-ին ամուսնացավ Կիլիկիայի Հայոց թագավոր Լևոն Գ Հեթումյանի դստեր՝ Զապելի հետ։

1310 թվականին Ամորի Բ–ի դավադրական սպանությունից հետո Զապելը հինգ զավակի հետ ապաստանեց Կիլիկիայի լատինամոլ թագավոր Լևոն Ե–ի արքունիքում։ 1342 թվականին Լևոն V հանկարծամահ եղավ 22–ամյա հասակում՝ առանց գահաժառանգ թողնելու։ 1343 թվականին Զապելի կրտսեր որդի Գվիդոնը հայկական ծեսով օծվեց Կիլիկիայի Հայոց թագավոր՝ Կոստանդին Գ անունով։ Նրա լատինամոլության պատճառով հայոց գահն անցավ Հեթումյանների ազգակից Նղրեցիների ձեռքը։

1342–1344 թթ. Գվիդոն (Կոստանդին III) Լուսինյան
1344–1363 թթ. Կոստանդին IV Նզրեցի
1363–1373 թթ. Կոստանդին V Նզրեցի
1374–1375 թթ. Լևոն VI Լուսինյան

 Saint Jerome referred to Judah as Armenia

The Catholic saint who referred to Judah as Armenia is Saint Jerome (c. 347–420 AD).

In his commentary on the Book of Hosea (Hosea 1:7), Jerome interpreted the biblical passage and made a connection between Judah and Armenia, suggesting that "Judah" symbolically referred to the Armenian people in his understanding of historical and geographical contexts. This interpretation may have stemmed from linguistic similarities or historical migrations, as early Christian scholars often linked biblical tribes with various nations of their time.

Would you like more details on his writings or historical context?

Japheth is Noahs eldest son and ot is lying

Noah’s Sons Names & Was Shem the Oldest?
Was Shem Noah's Oldest Son?
Who were Noah’s sons and What was their birth order?
Noah had three sons who survived the flood on the ark with him. Noah’s sons names were Shem, Ham and Japheth. This Bible study examines the Biblical evidence to determine the birth order of Noah’s three sons. It seeks to answer the following questions: “Was Shem Noah’s oldest son?” “Who was Noah’s oldest son?” “Why is Shem listed first in genealogies?”

Table of Contents
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Perhaps you are like me. For years I assumed that Shem was Noah’s oldest son because he is listed first in Genesis 5:32; 6:10; 7:13 and 1 Chronicles 1:4. There are reasons, however, to believe that Shem may not have been Noah’s first son. Keep reading to find out.

Confusion in Translations
While many English translations of Genesis 10:21 say that Shem was Japheth’s older brother (e.g.: AMP, ESV, HCSB, ISV, LEB, NASB, NET), others indicate that Japheth was Shem’s older brother (e.g.: AMPC, KJV, NIV, NKJV). The King James and NKJV both say Shem was “the brother of Jepheth the elder”

Relative Ages of Noah’s Sons
Adding to the possible confusion, Genesis 5:32 says that Noah fathered his three sons when he was 500 years old. Some English translations say “after” Noah was 500 years old,” but that is somewhat interpretive because the Hebrew uses a ‘waw’ consecutive, which can be translated several ways, including: “and,” “then,” “when.”

It seems unlikely that the three brothers were born the same year as triplets. If Shem, Ham, and Japheth were not all born the same year, then the most likely interpretation of Genesis 5:32 is that Noah began having his sons when he was 500 years old. This would still leave the possibility of Shem being the oldest brother.

The next piece of the puzzle is found in Genesis 11:10, which says Shem was 100 years old when he begat Arphaxad two years after the flood. This indicates that Shem was 98 when the flood ended, but Genesis 7:6 and 7:11 both say the yearlong flood began when Noah was 600 years old. So Shem would only have been 97 when Noah was 600.

This means Shem was born when Noah was 503. If Noah had his first son at the age of 500 as indicated by Genesis 5:32, then Shem could not have been Noah’s oldest son. So, Shem was not Noah’s oldest son.

If Shem was not Noah’s oldest son, who was?
Genesis 9:20-25 records Noah getting drunk and lying uncovered in his tent. Ham saw his father’s nakedness and told his two brothers about it. Genesis 9:24 says that Noah knew what his youngest son (“younger” in the KJV and NKJV) had done to him. Based on this passage, we know that Ham was the youngest of Noah’s three sons.

Since Shem was born when Noah was 503 and Ham was Noah’s youngest son, then Japheth must have been the oldest brother, born when Noah was 500-years old. This supports translations of Genesis 10:21 which refer to Japheth as Shem’s elder brother.

The birth order of Noah’s three sons:
Japheth was Noah’s oldest son, born when Noah was 500 years old
Shem was born second, when Noah was 503 years old
Ham was was Noah’s youngest son
Why Shem is Listed First in Geneaologies
Why then, you may ask, do Genesis 5:32; 6:10; 7:13 and 1 Chronicles 1:4 list Noah’s sons as Shem, Ham, and Japheth rather than in the order of their birth (Japheth, Shem, and Ham)?

The Bible often lists children in the order of their importance instead of their birth order, and may even omit those unimportant to the Biblical narrative or chronology. For example, Ishmael was 14-years older than Isaac, but Isaac was named first in 1 Chronicles 1:28, “The sons of Abraham; Isaac and Ishmael.”

Isaac was listed first because he was the heir to Abraham’s blessing and promise. God told Abraham, it was in Isaac that his seed would be called (Genesis 21:12). Ishmael had been born by the will of the flesh; Isaac was the promised son, born by the will of God. It was through Isaac that all the nations of the earth would be blessed (Genesis 22:18; 26:4). The nation of Israel, and the promised Messiah who would save us from our sin, came through Isaac.

It should also be noted that Abraham also had six more sons by Keturah after Sarah died (Genesis 25:1-6), but they are not included in the 1 Chronicles genealogy because Abraham sent them away, so they were not important in Bible history.

Another example would be the “generations of Adam.” Adam and Eve were healthy, genetically perfect adults who lived over 900 years. God commanded them to be fruitful and multiply, and Genesis 5:4 says Adam “begat sons and daughters,” so it is extremely unlikely that they only had 3 children in 130 years. The 4th chapter of Genesis tells us about Cain and Abel, but only Seth is listed in Genesis 5:3 and 1 Chronicles 1:1, because Seth was the source of the Godly line that led to Noah, Abraham, Israel, David, and Jesus.

Japheth was Noah’s oldest son

The reason Shem is listed before his older brother Japheth is because he was more important in producing the Godly line that led to the nation of Israel through Abraham. And through Israel, Shem’s line ultimately produced Jesus Christ, our Lord and Savior.

Noah’s Son’s Q&A
This section contains answers to three commonly asked questions about Noah’s sons.

Who was Noah’s Oldest Son?
Japheth was Noah’s oldest son, born when Noah was 500 years old

When was Shem born?
Shem was Noah’s second son, born when Noah was 503 years old

Why is Shem listed first in Bible Genealogies?
Shem is listed first because he was most important in propagating the Godly line that led from Noah to Abraham, through whose seed (Jesus Christ, the Son of God) all the nations of the earth would be blessed (Genesis 12:3; 18:18; 22:18; Acts 3:25).

https://www.revealedtruth.com/bible-study/noahs-sons-was-shem-the-oldest

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